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Publications

Process Evaluations

Arbreton, A. J. A., & McClanahan, W. S. (2002). Targeted outreach: Boys & Girls Clubs of America's approach to gang prevention and intervention. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Fischer, D. R. (2001). Arizona Department of Corrections: Security Threat Group (STG) program evaluation. Final report. Arizona: Arizona Department of Corrections.

Gurly, B., & Kane, K. (2002). Seattle Team for Youth Minority Outreach Project process evaluation report: How is the program working? Seattle, WA: Strengthening Services Using Outcomes and Catalyst Coaching & Consulting, Inc.

Maxson, C. L., Hennigan, K., Sloane, D., & Kolnick, K. A. (2004). Can civil gang injunctions change communities? A community assessment of the impact of civil gang injunctions. California: Social Science Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, and University of California, Irvine.

Maxson, C. L., Hennigan, K., & Sloane, D. C. (2003). For the sake of the neighborhood?: Civil gang injunctions as a gang intervention tool in Southern California. In S. H. Decker (Ed.), Policing Gangs and Youth Violence (pp. 239-266). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Miller, E., & MacGillivray, L. (2002). Youth Offender Demonstration Project process evaluation: Final report. Chapel Hill, NC: Research and Evaluation Associates, Inc.

Pennell, S. & Melton, R. (2002). Evaluation of a task force approach to gangs. In W. L. Reed & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Responding to gangs: Evaluation and research, (pp.193-218). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Pennell, S., Melton, R., & Hoctor, D. (1996). Assessment of a multi-agency approach to drug involved gang members. San Diego, CA: San Diego Association of Governments, Criminal Justice Research Division.

Simun, P. B., Slovacek, S. P, Batie, M., & Simun, M. (1996). Project Support evaluation: Los Angeles unified school district, Report #3-Final evaluation. Los Angeles, CA: California State University, Los Angeles.

Spergel, I. A., Wa, K. M., Grossman, S., Jacob, A., Choi, S. E., Sosa, R. V., Barrios, E. M., & Spergel, A. (2003). The Little Village Gang Reduction Project in Chicago. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago.

Tita, G., Riley, K. J., Rideway, G., Grammich, C., Abrahamse, A. F., & Greenwood, P. W. (2003). Reducing gun violence: Results from an intervention in East Los Angeles. California: RAND.

Thurman, Q. C., Giacomazzi, A. L., Reisig, M. D., & Mueller, D. G. (1996). Community-based gang prevention and intervention: An evaluation of the Neutral Zone. Crime & Delinquency, 42, (2), 279-295.

Williams, K., Curry, G. D., & Cohen, M. I. (2002). Gang prevention programs for female adolescents: An evaluation. In W. L. Reed & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Responding to gangs: Evaluation and research, (pp.225-263). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Outcome Evaluations

Arbreton, A. J. A., & McClanahan, W. S. (2002). Targeted outreach: Boys & Girls Clubs of America's approach to gang prevention and intervention. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., Piehl, A. M., & Warring, E. J. (2001). The Boston Gun Project: Impact evaluation findings. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., & Tita, G. E. (2002). New approaches to the strategic prevention of gang and group-involved violence. In C.R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America III (pp. 271-285). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., Waring, E. J., & Piehl, A. M. (2001). Problem-oriented policing: Deterrence, and youth violence: An evaluation of Boston's Operation Ceasefire. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, (3), 195-225.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1999). Urban street gang enforcement. Washington, DC: Author.

Bynum, T. S., & Varano, S. P. (2003). The anti-gang initiative in Detroit: An aggressive enforcement approach to gangs. In S. H. Decker (Ed.), Policing gangs and youth violence (pp. 214-238). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Crowther, B. (2002). Youth gangs in Rhode Island: Perceptions of youth and law enforcement agencies and anti-gang strategies. Providence, RI: Rhode Island Justice Commission, Statistical Analysis Center.

Clawson, H. J., & Coolbaugh, K. (2001). The YouthARTS Development Project. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Cohen, M., I., Williams, K., Bekelman, A. M., & Crosse, S. (1994). Evaluation of the National Youth Gang Drug Prevention Program. In M. Klein, C. Maxson, & J. Miller (Eds.), The modern gang reader (pp. 226-275). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.

Dahmann, J. (1983). An Evaluation of Operation Hardcore: A Prosecutorial Response to Violent Gang Criminality. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Decker, S. H., & Curry, G. D. (2003). Suppression without prevention, prevention without suppression. In S. H. Decker (Ed.), Policing gangs and youth violence (pp. 191-213). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Di Placido, C., Simon, T., Witte, T., Gu, D., & Wong, S. (2006). Treatment of gang members can reduce recidivism and institutional misconduct. Law and Human Behavior, 30, (1), 93-114.

Dunworth, T. (2000). National evaluation of the Youth Firearms Violence Initiative. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Esbensen, F. (2004). Evaluating GREAT: A school-based gang prevention program. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Esbensen, F., Freng, A., Tayler, T. J., Peterson, D., & Osgood, D. W. (2002). National evaluation of the Gang Resistance and Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program. In W. L. Reed & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Responding to gangs: Evaluation and research, (pp.139-167). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Esbensen, F.A., & Osgood, D. W. (1997). National evaluation of G.R.E.A.T. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Esbensen, F., & Osgood, D. W. (1999). Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.): Results from the national evaluation. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 194-225.

Esbensen, F., Osgood, D. W., Taylor, T.J., Peterson, D., & Freng, A. (2001). How great is G.R.E.A.T.? Results from a longitudinal quasi-experimental design. Criminology & Public Policy, 1, (1), 87-118.

Everhart, K. L. (2003). An Evaluation of the gang violence suppression program: Final evaluation report. California: Governor's Office of Criminal Justice Planning. Evaluation, Monitoring and Audits Division.

Fischer, D. R. (2001). Arizona Department of Corrections: Security Threat Group (STG) program evaluation. Final report. Arizona: Arizona Department of Corrections.

Fritsch, E. J., Caeti, T. J., & Taylor, R. W. (1999). Gang suppression through saturation patrol, aggressive curfew, and truancy enforcement: A quasi-experimental test of the Dallas Anti-Gang Initiative. Crime & Delinquency, 45, (1), 122-139.

Fritsch, E. J., Caeti, T. J., & Taylor, R. W. (2003). Gang suppression through saturation patrol and aggressive curfew and truancy enforcement: A quasi-experimental test of the Dallas Anti-Gang Initiative. In S. H. Decker (Ed.), Policing gangs and youth violence (pp. 267-284). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Goldstein, A. P., Glick, B., & Gibbs, J. C. (1998). Aggression replacement training: A comprehensive intervention for aggressive youth (revised ed.). Champaign, Ill: Research Press.

Hagenbucher, G. (2003). PROGRESS: An enhanced supervision program for high-risk criminal offenders. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 2003, 20-24.

Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. (1999). Reducing youth gang violence in urban areas: One community's effort. Chicago, IL: Author.

Josi, D. A. & Sechrest, D. K. (1999). A pragmatic approach to parole aftercare: Evaluation of a community reintegration program for high-risk youthful offenders. Justice Quarterly, 16: 51-80.

Kennedy, D. M., Braga, A. A., Piehl, A. M, & Waring, E. J. (2001). Reducing gun violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Kent, D. R., Donaldson, S. I., Wyrick, P. A., & Smith, P. J. (2000). Evaluating criminal justice programs designed to reduce crime by targeting gang offenders. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23, 115-124.

Klein, M. W. (1995). The American Street Gang. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lasley, J. (1998). "Designing out" gang homicides and street assaults. National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Levy-McCanna, K. (1999). Making a prison gang-free: The Taylorville Correctional Center. On Good Authority, 2, (7). Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

Lurigio, A., Bensiger, G., & Thompson, S. R. (2000). A process and outcome evaluation of Project BUILD: Years 5 and 6. Unpublished Report. Chicago, IL.: Loyola University, Department of Criminal Justice.

McClanahan, W. S. (2004). Alive at 25: Reducing youth violence through monitoring and support. Philadelphia, Pa.: Public/Private Ventures.

McGarrell, E. F. & Chermak, S. (2003). Problem solving to reduce gang snd drug-related violence in Indianapolis. In S. H. Decker (Ed.), Policing Gangs and Youth Violence (pp. 77-101). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Nimani, M. (2005). Perceptions of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program against gang recruitment efforts. New Britain, CT: Central Connecticut State University.

Palumbo, D. J., Eskay, R., & Hallet, M. (1992). Do gang prevention strategies actually reduce crime? Presented at the American Society of Criminology, New Orleans, LA, November 1992.

Palumbo, D., J., & Feruson, J. L. (1995). Evaluating Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT): Is the impact the same as that of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)? Evaluation Review, 19, (6), 597-619.

Pennell, S. & Melton, R. (2002). Evaluation of a task force approach to gangs. In W. L. Reed & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Responding to gangs: Evaluation and research, (pp.193-218). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Pennell, S., Melton, R., & Hoctor, D. (1996). Assessment of a multi-agency approach to drug involved gang members. San Diego, CA: San Diego Association of Governments, Criminal Justice Research Division.

Ramsey, A. L., Rust, J. O., & Sobel, S. M. (2003). Evaluation of the gang resistance education and training (GREAT) program: A school-based prevention program. Education, 124, (2), 297-309.

Research and Analysis Unit, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. (1997). An evaluation of the Illinois State police gang crime witness protection program. Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

Sellers, C. S., Taylor, T. J., & Esbensen, F. A. (1998). Reality check: Evaluating a school-based gang prevention model. Evaluation Review, 22 (5), 590-608.

Scham, P. J. & Gaines, L. K. (2005). Examining delinquent nongang members and delinquent gang members: A comparison of juvenile probationers at intake and outcomes. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 3 (2), 99-115.

Simun, P. B., Slovacek, S. P., Batie, M., & Simun, M. (1996). Project Support evaluation: Los Angeles unified school district, Report #3-Final evaluation. Los Angeles, CA: California State University, Los Angeles.

Skogan, W. G. & Steiner, L. (2004). CAPS at Ten. Community policing in Chicago: An evaluation of Chicago's alternative policing strategy. Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

Solis, A., Schwartz, W., & Hinton, T. (2003). Gang Resistance Is Paramount (GRIP) program evaluation: Final report. California: USC Center for Economic Development, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California.

Spergel, I. A., Wa, K. M., & Sosa, R. V. (2005). Evaluation of the Bloomington-Normal Comprehensive Gang program. Chicago, Illinois: The School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago.

Spergel, I. A., Wa, K. M., & Sosa, R. V. (2005). Evaluation of the Mesa Gang Intervention program. Chicago, Illinois: The School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago.

Spergel, I. A., Wa, K. M., & Sosa, R. V. (2005). Evaluation of the Riverside Comprehensive Community-Wide Approach to gang prevention, intervention and suppression. Chicago, Illinois: The School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago.

Spergel, I. A., Wa, K. M., & Sosa, R. V. (2005). Evaluation of the San Antonio Comprehensive Community-Wide Approach to Gang Prevention, Intervention, and Suppression program. Chicago, Illinois: The School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago.

Spergel, I. A., Wa, K. M., & Sosa, R. V. (2005). Evaluation of the Tucson Comprehensive Community-Wide Approach to Gang Prevention, Intervention and Suppression program. Chicago, Illinois: The School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago.

Spergel, I. A., Wa, K. M., & Sosa, R. V. (2006). The Comprehensive, Community-Wide, Gang Program model: Success and failure. In J.F. Short & L.A. Hughes (eds.), Studying Youth Gangs (pp. 203-224). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Spergel, I. A. (In press). Reducing youth gang crime: The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Tita, G., Riley, K. J., & Greenwood, P. (2003). From Boston to Boyle Heights: The process and prospects of a "pulling levers" strategy in a Los Angeles barrio. In S. H. Decker (Ed.) Policing Gangs and Youth Violence (pp. 102-130). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Tita, G., Riley, K. J., & Greenwood, P. (2005). Reducing Gun Violence: Operation Ceasefire in Los Angeles. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Thurman, Q. C., & Mueller, D. G. (2003). Beyond curfews and crackdowns: An overview of the Mountain Lake Terrace Neutral Zone-Americorps program. In S. H. Decker (Ed.), Policing Gangs and Youth Violence (pp. 167-188). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Toller, W. & Tsagaris, B. (1996). A Practical Approach Combining Security and Human Services. Corrections Today, 58, (6), 110-113.

Trulson, C.R., Marquart, J.W. & Kawucha, S.K. (2006). Gang Suppression and Institutional Control. Corrections Today, 68 (2), 26-31.

Vila, B. J., & Meeker, J. W. (1999). Gang activity in Orange County California: Final report to the National Institute of Justice. Wyoming and California: University of Wyoming and University of California, Irvine.

Wassenberg, P., Dorman, L. G., McGahey, L. A., Syrcle, J., & Bass, B. (2002). An impact evaluation of juvenile probation projects in Christian, Peoria, and Winnebago Counties. Springfield, Illinois: University of Illinois at Springfield, Center for Legal Studies.

Thurman, Q. C., Giacomazzi, A. L., Reisig, M. D., & Mueller, D. G. (1996). Community-based gang prevention and intervention: An evaluation of the Neutral Zone. Crime & Delinquency, 42, (2), 279-295.

Tita, G., Riley, K. J., Rideway, G., Grammich, C., Abrahamse, A. F., & Greenwood, P. W. (2003). Reducing gun violence: Results from an intervention in East Los Angeles. California: RAND Public Safety and Justice Program.

Vogel, R. E., & Torres, S. (1998). An evaluation of Operation Roundup: An experiment in the control of gangs to reduce crime, fear of crime and improve police community relations. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 21, (1), 38-53.

Williams, K., Curry, G. D., & Cohen, M. I. (2002). Gang prevention programs for female adolescents: An evaluation. In W. L. Reed & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Responding to gangs: Evaluation and research, (pp. 225-263). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Other Gang Programs/Strategies Reports

Adams, S., & Olson, D. (2002). An analysis of gang members and non-gang members discharged from probation. On Good Authority, 6, (2), 1-4.

Arbreton, A. J. A., Sheldon, J., & Herrera, C. (2005). Beyond safe havens: A synthesis of 20 years of research on the Boyd & Girls Clubs. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Arnette, J. L., & Walsleben, M. C. (1998). Combating fear and restoring safety in schools. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Bjerregaard, B. (2003). Antigang legislation and its potential impact: The promises and the pitfalls. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 14, (2), 171-192.

Braga, A. A., McDevitt, J., & Pierce, G. L. (2006). Understanding and preventing gang violence: Problem analysis and response development in Lowell, Massachusetts. Police Quarterly, 9, (1), 20-46.

Burch, J. & Chemers, B. M. (1997). A comprehensive response to America's youth gang problem. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Burch, J., & Kane, C. (1999). Implementing the OJJDP comprehensive gang model. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1999). Addressing community gang problems: A model for problem solving. Washington, DC: Author.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1999). Addressing community gang problems: A practical guide. Washington, DC: Author.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1997). Urban street gang enforcement. Washington, DC: Author.

Carlson, P. M. (2001). Prison interventions: Evolving strategies to control security threat groups. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5, (1), 10-22.

Coldren, J. R. & Higgins, D. F. (2003). Evaluating nuisance abatement at gang and drug houses in Chicago. In S. H. Decker (Ed.), Policing Gangs and Youth Violence (pp. 131-166). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Community Oriented Policing Services & Bureau of Justice Assistance. (2006). Solutions to address gang crime: A resource CD-ROM for law enforcement, version 1.3. Washington, DC: Authors.

Conference of Mayors Research/Education Foundation. (2006). Gang intervention and gang violence prevention. Washington, DC: Author.

Davis, M. S., & Flannery, D. J. (2001). The institutional treatment of gang members. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5, (1), 37-46.

Decker, S. (2002). A decade of gang research: Findings of the National Institute of Justice gang portfolio. In W. L. Reed & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Responding to gangs: Evaluation and research, (pp.2-23). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Egley, A., Jr., Howell, J. C, & Major, A. K. (2006). National youth gang survey 1999-2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Esbensen, F. (2004). Evaluating G.R.E.A.T.: A school-based gang prevention program. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Esbensen, F. (2000). Preventing adolescent gang involvement. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Esbensen, F-A., Winfree, L. T., He, N., & Taylor, T. J. (2001). Youth gangs and definitional issues: When is a gang a gang, and why does it matter? Crime & Delinquency, 47, (1), 105-130.

Feyerherm, W., Pope, C., & Lovell, R. (1992). Youth gang prevention and early intervention programs. Portland, OR: Portland State University.

Fleisher, M. S., & Decker, S. H. (2001). An overview of the challenge of prison gangs. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5, (1), 1-9.

Gottfredson, G. D., & Gottfredson, D. C. (1999). Survey of school-based gang prevention and intervention programs: Preliminary findings. Ellicott City, MD: Gottfredson Associates, Inc., Behavioral Science Research and Development.

Gransky, L., & Cowles, E. L. (1999). An evaluation of the Illinois Department of Corrections' gang-free environment program. Illinois: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

Guida, J., Barrios, J. T., & Durrant, C. (2005). Reducing gang violence in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Prosecution, policing and prevention; A three-pronged approach. Massachusetts. Joint Committee of Public Safety.

Hayes, R. (2005). Gangs in North Carolina-A comparative analysis between 1999 and 2004. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Criminal Justice Analysis Center.

Higgins, D. F., & Coldren, J. R. (2000). Evaluating gang and drug house abatement in Chicago. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois at Chicago.

Houston, J. (1996). What works: The search for excellence in gang intervention programs. The Journal of Gang Research, 3, 1-16.

Howell, J. C. (1998). Youth gangs: An overview. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Howell, J. C. (1999). Youth gang homicides: A literature review. Crime & Delinquency, 45, (2), 208-241.

Howell, J. C. (2000). Youth gang programs and strategies. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Howell, J. C., & Decker, S. H. (1999). The youth gangs, drugs, and violence connection. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Howell, J. C., & Egley, A., Jr. (2005). Gangs in small towns and rural counties. NYGC Bulletin. Tallahassee, FL: National Youth Gang Center.

Howell, J. C., & Egley, A. (2005). Gangs in small towns and rural counties. NYGC Bulletin, 1, June, 1-6.

Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. (2000). Combating gang violence in Chicago's Little Village neighborhood. On Good Authority, 4, (2), 1-4.

Institute for Intergovernmental Research. (2002). A guide to assessing your community's youth gang problem. Tallahassee, Florida: Author.

Institute for Intergovernmental Research. (2002). Comprehensive gang model: Planning for implementation. Tallahassee, Florida: Author.

Johnson, C., Webster, B., & Connors, E. (1995). Prosecuting gangs: A national assessment. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Johnson, C., Webster, B., Connors, E. F., & Saenz, D. J. (n.d.). Gang enforcement problems and strategies: National survey of findings. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Law and Justice.

Jones, D., Roper, V., Stys, Y., & Wilson, C. (2004). Street gangs: A review of theory, interventions, and implications for corrections. Canada: Correctional Service of Canada.

Katz, C. M., & Webb, V. J. (2003). Police response to gangs: A multi-site study. Phoenix, Arizona: Arizona State University West.

Katz, C. M., & Webb, V. J. (n.d.). Studying the police response to gangs. Cambridge University Press.

Kent, D. R., & Smith, P. (1995). The Tri-Agency Resource Gang Enforcement Team: A selective approach to reduce gang crime. In M. W. Klein, C. L. Maxson, & J. Miller (Eds.), The Modern Gang Reader (pp. 292-296). CA: Roxbury.

Klein, M. W. (1995). The American Street Gang. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Knox, G. W. (2001). Female gang members and the rights of children. Copyright: 2001, George Knox.

Knox, G. W. (2005). The problem of gangs and security threat groups (STG's) in American prisons today: Recent research findings from the 2004 prison gang survey. Peotone, IL: National Gang Crime Research Center.

Lafontaine, T., Ferguson, M., & Wormith, J. S. (2005). Street gangs: A review of the empirical literature on community and corrections-based prevention, intervention, and suppression strategies. Canada: First Nations University of Canada and University of Saskatchewan.

Lynch, J. P. & Howell, J. C. (2000). Youth gangs in schools. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Major, A. K., Egley, A., Howell, J. C., Mendenhall, B., & Armstrong, T. (2004). Youth gangs in Indian country. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

McGloin, J. M. (2003). Street gangs and interventions: Innovative problem solving with network analysis. Washington, DC: Community Oriented Policing Services.

McGloin, J. M. (2005). Policy and intervention considerations of a network analysis of street gangs. Criminology and Public Policy, 4 (3), 607-636.

Moore, J., & Hagedorn, J. (2001). Female gangs: A focus on research. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, March, 1-12.

Nafekh, M., & Stys, Y. (2004). A profile and examination of gang affiliation within the Federally sentenced offender population. Canada: Correctional Service of Canada.

National Alliance of Gang Investigators Associations. (2005). National gang threat assessment. North Carolina: Author.

New York Task Force on Juvenile Gangs. (1990). Reaffirming prevention: Report of the task force on juvenile gangs. Albany, NY: New York State Division for Youth.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (1999). Promising strategies to reduce gun violence. Washington, DC: Author.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2002). OJJDP comprehensive gang model: A guide to assessing your community's youth gang problem. Washington, DC: Author.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). (2002). OJJDP comprehensive gang model: Planning for implementation. Washington, DC: Author.

Pitts, L. (2000). Northeast Gang Information System: Description of the systems and lessons learned. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Rhyne, A., & Yearwood, D. L. (2005). The nature and scope of Hispanic/Latino gangs in North Carolina. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Criminal Justice Analysis Center.

Ruddell, R., Decker, S. H., & Egley, A. (2006). Gang interventions in jails: A national analysis. Chico, California, St. Louis, Missouri and Tallahassee, Florida: California State University, University of Missouri-St. Louis and National Youth Gang Center.

Spergel, I., Chance, R., Ehrensaft, K., Regulus, T., Kane, C., Laseter, R., Alexander, A., & Oh, S. (1994). Gang suppression and intervention: Community models. Chicago: National Youth Gang Suppression and Intervention Research and Development Program, School of Social Science Administration, University of Chicago.

Spergel, I., Curry, D., Chance, R., Kane, C., Ross, R., Alexander, A., Simmons, E., & Oh, S. (1994). Gang suppression and intervention: Problem and response. Chicago: National Youth Gang Suppression and Intervention Research and Development Program, School of Social Science Administration, University of Chicago.

Stinchcomb, J. B. (2002). Promising (and not so promising) gang prevention and intervention strategies: A comprehensive literature review. Journal of Gang Research, 10, (1), 27-45.

Stum, K., & Chu, M. M. (1994). Gang prevention and intervention in a rural town in California: At-risk youths and the community policing school partnership program. Journal of Gang Research, 7, (1), 1-12.

Takata, S. R. (1994). A community comparison of "youth gang" prevention strategies. Kenosha, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Parkside.

Thornberry, T. P., & Burch, J. (1997). Gang members and delinquent behavior. Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Webb, V. J., & Katz, C. M. (2003). Policing gangs in an era of community policing. In S. H. Decker (Ed.) Policing Gangs and Youth Violence (pp. 17-49). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Weisheit, R. A., & Wells, L. E. (2001). Gangs in rural America: Final report. Normal, IL: Department of Criminal Justice, Illinois State University.

Wyrick, P. (2006). Gang prevention: How to make the "front end" of your anti-gang effort work. United States Attorneys' Bulletin, 54 (3), 52-60.

Wyrick, P. A., & Howell, J. C. (2004). Strategic risk-based response to youth gangs. Juvenile Justice, 9, (1), 20-31.