Chapter 6

Managing Offenders

Overview

The number of people under correctional supervision in the United States has more than tripled since 1980. By year-end 1997, the total federal, state, and local adult correctional population--either incarcerated or in the community--reached a new high of nearly 5.7 million. The number of persons held in federal or state prisons was 1,176,807, and more than 3.9 million adult men and women were on probation or parole at year-end 1997. In addition, 567,079 persons were in local jails.

The largest growth in state inmates was among violent offenders. Between 1990 and 1996, the number of violent offenders grew by 50 percent. Nearly one half of state prisoners were convicted of violent crimes, and about three-quarters have substance abuse-drugs and/or alcohol--problems. Approximately 260,000 convicted sex offenders are under the jurisdiction of corrections agencies, with more than one half under some form of community supervision. Although men are 16 times more likely than women to be incarcerated, since 1990 the annual growth rate of the female inmate offender population has surpassed that of men.

The dramatic growth and change in adult correctional populations are only partially explained by trends in crime and changing patterns of offending. Correctional populations have also been affected by changes in criminal justice policies at the federal and state levels, including mandatory penalties regarding drug offenses, new laws increasing the severity and certainty of punishment, mandatory minimum sentences and sentencing enhancements for certain offenses and offenders, and sentencing guidelines that limit the discretion of judges and parole boards. OJP programs, such as the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program and the Violent Offender Incarceration and Truth-in-Sentencing Incentive Formula Grant Program, also have had a significant impact on state policies and programs related to violent and drug offenders.

In addition to these factors, increases in highly publicized cases of youth violence have led many states to make changes in the way they manage young offenders by transferring more juveniles to the criminal justice system. At the end of the 1997 legislative session, all but five states provided for discretionary waiver of certain juveniles to criminal court. In some states, these youth are tried as adults, but placed in juvenile facilities until old enough for transfer to an adult facility. In other states, young offenders can be sentenced directly to adult facilities. Under the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant Program, which was created in 1998, Congress requires states to consider prosecuting juveniles age 15 and older who commit a serious violent crime in criminal court, imposing sanctions for every delinquent act, and establishing records for habitual juvenile offenders. All of these changes are having a dramatic impact on the management of offenders in this country.

At the same time, research is showing that the criminal justice system can effectively treat offenders and prevent recidivism through specific, tested approaches, including:

• incarceration of chronic, repeat offenders who commit the most crimes;
  
  
  
• rehabilitation programs for adult and juvenile offenders using treatments appropriate to their risk factors;
  
  
  
• drug treatment, specifically therapeutic community programs in prison;
  
  
  
• drug treatment in jails followed by intensive supervision in the community, including testing, interventions, and sanctions;
  
  
• intensive supervision and aftercare for minor, as well as serious, juvenile offenders; and
  
  
  
• fines for criminal acts in combination with other penalties.

Although correctional boot camps using traditional military basic training have been found to be, for the most part, ineffective, boot camp programs that have evolved to provide more comprehensive services, such as education and drug treatment with aftercare, show promise. For this reason, and because of the number and popularity of these programs in jurisdictions across the country, OJP is continuing to evaluate boot camp programs and to encourage a more comprehensive approach.

OJP is also working to fill gaps in existing knowledge and services related to the management of offenders. One such gap is the limited research on effective substance abuse treatment for adolescents. In response, NIJ has given priority to evaluations of treatment programs for juveniles to expand our knowledge about effective programming for this population.

Another difficult issue facing correctional agencies is effectively managing and treating convicted sex offenders. In FY 1998, OJP established the Center for Sex Offender Management to provide training and technical assistance to help courts, corrections agencies, and treatment providers develop programs to more effectively manage sex offenders and to increase public safety through careful supervision and control combined with effective treatment interventions. At the same time, BJA continues to help states comply with several congressional mandates related to sex offenders, including the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act, as amended by Megan's Law, which requires states to provide for registration of sex offenders and the release of information on sex offenders that is necessary to protect the public. By law, states that fail to meet these requirements may receive a reduced award under BJA's Byrne Formula Grant Program. In addition, BJS, under its National Criminal History Improvement Program, provides funds to states to help them develop sex offender registries and to interface these systems with the FBI's Sex Offender Registry File.

Another area needing increased focus is the diagnosis and treatment of mentally ill offenders, many of whom also have substance abuse problems. OJP has established a Mental Health and Crime Working Group to explore the issue and to make recommendations on how to provide useful services for these offenders.

OJP has also brought together a focus group to explore issues related to probation and parole services. More than two-thirds of offenders under correctional supervision are on probation or parole, yet only a small portion of correctional funding goes to support probation and parole services. As a result, caseloads are high and these community-based correctional services are often viewed as ineffective. OJP will continue to address ways to improve effectiveness of these services.

In addition, while the number of women offenders, including the number of juvenile delinquent girls, has mushroomed, the criminal justice system has not kept pace in providing services specifically designed to meet the unique needs of women offenders-needs that are often quite different from men's. OJP is planning to hold a symposium in Washington, D.C. on July 12-14, 1999 to discuss this problem and how federal and other resources can best address this issue. These efforts are in addition to the programs described below.

Continuation Programs

The following programs will be conducted by current or already designated grantees. No new applications will be solicited in Fiscal Year 1999.

Linking Balanced and Restorative Justice and Adolescents (LIBRA)
Grantee: Vermont Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

Project Description: The goal of this program is to continue development of a comprehensive, integrated, balanced and restorative system of justice for youthful offenders that holds them accountable to victims, protects the community, builds offender skills and competencies, and offers opportunities for positive connections to community members. To hold youth accountable, the project will establish a network of accountability boards. The project will also pilot Community Justice Centers, which will demonstrate that the community is the core of the justice process and recognizes youth as a vital part of the community.

Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Demonstration and Technical Assistance Program
Grantee: Johns Hopkins University
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This initiative supports implementation, training and technical assistance, and an independent evaluation of an intensive community-based aftercare model in three competitively selected demonstration sites. The overall goal of the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) model is to identify and assist high-risk juvenile offenders to make a gradual transition from secure confinement back into the community. The IAP model has three distinct, yet overlapping segments: (1) prerelease and preparatory planning activities during incarceration; (2) structured transitioning involving the participation of institutional and aftercare staffs both prior to and following community re-entry; and (3) long-term reintegrative activities to ensure adequate service delivery and the required level of social control. The grantee provides continuing training and technical assistance to administrators, managers, and line staff at the intensive community-based aftercare demonstration sites.

Project Return (earmark)
Grantee: Tulane University Medical Center
FY99 Funding: $1 million
OJP Sponsor: Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA)

Project Description: Project Return is a correctional options program designed to maximize the employability of juvenile and youthful offenders. FY 1999 funds will continue program activities and support an evaluation of the program.

The CETARY Project
Grantee: Johnson & Wales University
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This project will provide 20 second-time juvenile offenders an opportunity to enroll in an intense, structured culinary arts training program. The project will develop and maintain linkage and employment opportunities for the youth, and place a minimum of 18 youth into an accredited continuing education program and/or in the workplace with full-time employment. The project also supports a counseling specialist who helps the youth establish job readiness and coordinates placement between career development and employment. General educational development (GED) classes are also offered. Continuous progress evaluations and needs assessments are implemented and enforced for each youth.

Gender-Specific Programming for Female Juvenile Offenders
Grantee: Cook County Bureau of Public Safety and Judicial Coordination and Connecticut Office of Alternative Sanctions
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP and BJA

Project Description: Using a FY 1995 competitive OJJDP grant, Cook County has built a network of support for juvenile female offenders. The county has developed gender-specific needs, strengths, and risk assessments for juvenile female offenders; provided training in implementing gender-appropriate programming; and designed a pilot program with a community-based continuum of care and a unique case management system. In FY 1998, BJA and OJJDP provided continuation funding to the Cook County gender-specific program and also funded the county to provide technical assistance and support to help the State of Connecticut develop specialized programs for girls. This program will continue in FY 1999. Additional technical assistance is provided by Greene, Peters, and Associates, OJJDP's gender-specific training and technical assistance grantee.

Development of Performance-Based Standards for Juvenile Correctional and Detention Facilities
Grantee: Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This project has developed and is testing performance-based standards and a self-assessment tool for juvenile facilities to help monitor progress in six areas of operation: health/mental health, safety, order, security, programming, and justice.

Haymarket Center (earmark)
Grantee: McDermott Center/Haymarket Center
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined.
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: This correctional options program supports the Haymarket Center's alternatives to incarceration program. The program provides detoxification and substance abuse treatment for nonviolent offenders, including DUI offenders, and requires community service as part of the rehabilitation regimen. BJA will provide support for an evaluation of the program in FY 1999.

Education of Legislators and Others on the Benefits of Community Corrections
Grantee: Center for Community Corrections
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: Through this project, the Center for Community Corrections will work to increase the use of community corrections as an alternative sanction for nonviolent offenders. The goal of the initiative is to educate legislators, executive branch personnel, and criminal justice personnel about the philosophy and purpose of community corrections, opportunities for its application, and the benefits of using it as an alternative sanction.

Management Information and Reporting System
Grantee: Alaska Department of Corrections
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: The Alaska Department of Corrections will continue to install an enhanced system to manage offenders under the department's supervision. The new system will provide accurate and timely reports on disposition of offenders and projections for future planning. The system is scheduled to be fully tested and operational by December 31, 2000.

New Programs

Funding for the following programs will be available as noted. For information about individual program solicitations or application kits, check OJP's Website at www.ojp.usdoj.gov or call the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) at 1-800/851-3420 to be added to the mailing list.

Sex Offender Management Demonstration Program
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: $3 million
OJP Sponsor: Violence Against Women Office (VAWO)

Eligibility: State and local correctional agencies

Project Description: Jurisdictions selected to participate in this project will demonstrate the effectiveness of managing sex offenders in the community through a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach. Resources will be used to implement new sex offender management programs or to augment existing sex offender management strategies in probation or other community supervision agencies. Each site will be required to establish an evaluation component to measure the effectiveness of this integrated approach. Each of the approximately 15 sites will be granted between $200,000 and $300,000 to implement their proposals. Training and technical assistance to participating jurisdictions will be provided through the Center for Sex Offender Management (CSOM), a training and technical assistance project sponsored by OJP.

Facing Parenting
Grantee: Osborne Associates
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: In this project, the corrections parenting program of Osborne Associates will serve as a demonstration site for corrections agencies interested in developing and implementing parenting programs.

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support (CLEFS) Demonstration Program
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: Approximately $500,000
OJP Sponsor: National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

Eligibility: State and local law enforcement and corrections agencies and organizations representing law enforcement and/or corrections officers

Project Description: NIJ intends to convene a grantsmanship workshop, inviting corrections professionals who have partnered with researchers, to encourage the submission of proposals to the FY 1999 CLEFS Solicitation. The solicitation will be designed to "fill the gaps" in NIJ's current portfolio, and will emphasize the corrections area. At least $500,000 is expected to be available for demonstration programs in the correctional officer stress area, to support from five to seven programs for officers and their families.

Southern Florida Medical Corrections Options (earmark)
Grantee: To Be Determined
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: At the request of Congress, BJA will consider requesting a proposal for this program.

Training, Technical Assistance, and Capacity-Building Programs

The following describes both current and new initiatives. Also see Chapter 13 for information about the Corrections Program Office's (CPO) extensive technical assistance and training, as well as the technical assistance provided through the Center for Sex Offender Management.

GAINS Center
Grantee: Interagency Agreement between BJA and the National Institute of Corrections
FY99 Funding: $100,000
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: BJA will transfer $100,000 to the National Institute of Corrections to support the GAINS Center, a prominent national technology transfer organization for mental health and dual diagnosis for criminal justice populations. This project will promote systemic change and provide practical information to states and local communities interested in developing or enhancing service responses for people with co-occurring disorders in the justice system.

Children as Adults in Court
Grantee: National Judicial College
FY99 Funding: $361,392
OJP Sponsors: BJA, OJJDP, and CPO (with the State Justice Institute)

Project Description: The National Judicial College (NJC) is developing and piloting a training curriculum to enhance the skills and knowledge of judges to assist them in making more informed decisions on the increasing numbers of juveniles appearing in criminal court. The project will also produce a benchbook and topical bulletins on juveniles as adults in court.

Training and Technical Assistance Program to Promote Gender-Specific Programming for Female Juvenile Offenders and At-Risk Girls
Grantee: Greene, Peters, & Associates
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: Project goals are to identify program models or best practices that address the gender-specific needs of adolescent females and provide training and technical assistance in implementing effective approaches.

Project To Expand and Improve Juvenile Restitution Programs
Grantee: Florida Atlantic University
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The project's goals are to demonstrate the use of the balanced approach mission and restorative justice philosophy as a framework for reform in juvenile justice.

Correctional Options Technical Assistance Program
Grantee: George Washington University Institute on Crime, Justice, and Corrections
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: In this effort, technical assistance is provided to sites participating in BJA's Correctional Options Demonstration Program, the only national effort to implement and evaluate innovative correctional options programs.

Understanding and Implementing Effective Offender Supervision Practices and Programming in Community Corrections
Grantee: American Probation and Parole Association
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: The American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) is conducting a series of training teleconferences for rural jurisdictions on effective supervision practices, including topics such as restorative justice, staff safety, and intermediate sanctions.

Development of Performance-Based Standards for Community Corrections
Grantee: American Correctional Association
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: The American Correctional Association is working with BJA, CPO, and the National Institute of Corrections to develop performance-based standards for community corrections. This effort will serve as a pilot for initiating and adopting performance-based standards in other correctional components.

Training and Technical Assistance for National Innovations to Reduce Disproportionate Minority Confinement
(The Deborah Ann Wysinger Memorial Program)
Grantee: Cygnus Corporation
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This 3-year project is designed to help state and local jurisdictions reduce the over-representation of minority children and youth in secure detention or correctional facilities, jails, and lockups by providing them with information, training, and technical assistance that will enable them to successfully address the factors that contribute to the problem.

Training and Technical Assistance for Juvenile Detention and Corrections
(The James E. Gould Memorial Program)
Grantee: American Correctional Association
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The project provides specialized training and technical assistance to juvenile corrections, detention, and community residential service providers. The grantee also plans an annual Juvenile Corrections Detention Forum to allow juvenile corrections and detention practitioners to meet to discuss issues in the field of juvenile corrections and detention, writes and solicits articles for professional publications, conducts surveys, and disseminates information to the field.

Training for Juvenile Detention and Corrections Personnel
Grantee: National Institute of Corrections
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This project designs, develops, and delivers training programs and related services that address the needs of juvenile detention and corrections professionals working with youth under correctional supervision.

Accountability-Based Training for Staff in Juvenile Confinement Facilities
Grantee: National Juvenile Detention Association
FY 99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The project will conduct research on the training needs of line staff and develop a standardized curriculum for juvenile detention and corrections staff.

Training and Technical Assistance to Reduce Juvenile Corrections and Detention Overcrowding
Grantee: National Juvenile Detention Association
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The project's goal is to reduce overcrowding in selected state and local juvenile detention and corrections facilities by providing training and technical assistance. In partnership with the San Francisco Youth Law Center, the project provides training and technical assistance materials for use by state and local jurisdictional teams. Three sites-Camden, New Jersey, Oklahoma City, and Rhode Island--were selected to develop, implement, and test procedures to reduce crowding. The grantee will identify additional sites for comprehensive training and TA.

Prison Industries Enhancement (PIE) Program
Grantee: Corrections Industries Association
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: The Corrections Industries Association (CIA) provides technical assistance to state prison industries programs and to BJA's Prison Industries Enhancement Certification Program. Under the PIE program, BJA certifies state prison industry programs as meeting all the requirements necessary to be exempt from federal restrictions on product marketability. This project works with the public and private sector to enhance states' prison industries programs and to provide the latest information and strategies on prison industries.

Victim Empowerment Through Mediation and Dialogue
Grantee: University of Minnesota
Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: Office for Victims of Crime (OVC)

Project Description: One component of this multi-faceted program will provide intensive onsite technical assistance to corrections systems in Texas and Ohio to help them implement effective victim-offender mediation programs. In addition, the program will assess victim satisfaction with the mediation programs implemented and provide technical assistance to other states interested in implementing victim-offender mediation and dialogue programs in their correctional facilities. More detailed information on this program can be found in Chapter 2, Empowering Communities to Address Crime.

Research and Statistical Programs

The following describes both current and new initiatives.

BJS Corrections Statistics Programs
Grantees: Data collection agencies, primarily the U.S. Bureau of the Census
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

Project Description: Through its Corrections Statistics Program, BJS collects information from over 1,500 federal and state adult correctional facilities, 3,300 local jails, and 5,800 probation and parole agencies and offices. These collections describe the more than 10,000 correctional agencies and facilities nationwide and the offenders under their supervision. By extracting comparable data over time, these programs also provide measures of how these correctional populations and agencies have changed. The following are ongoing corrections-related BJS statistical series and programs.

• The Surveys of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities provide detailed data on individual characteristics of prison inmates, current offenses and sentences, characteristics of victims, criminal histories, family background, gun possession and use, prior drug and alcohol use and treatment, and educational programs and other services provided while in prison.
  
  
• The Survey of Inmates in Local Jails collects data on the local jail population, including the personal and family characteristics of jail inmates, current offenses, sentences and time served, criminal histories, jail activities, conditions and programs, prior drug and alcohol use and treatment, and health care services provided while in jail.
  
  
• The Survey of Adults on Probation provides detailed information on the background and characteristics of a national sample of probationers representative of the almost 4 million adults under supervision in the community. Specific areas of inquiry included criminal history, prior drug and alcohol use, participation in drug and alcohol treatment programs, use of firearms, victim characteristics, the conditions of supervision, and the extent of contact with probation authorities.
  
  
• The National Prisoner Statistics program produces year-end and mid-year national and state-level data on the numbers of prisoners in state or federal prison facilities. It also provides data on the number of admissions and releases during the year, the race and Hispanic origin of inmates, the number of inmate deaths by cause, and the number known to be HIV positive.
  
  
• The Capital Punishment Series yields annual national and state-level data on persons sentenced to death and those executed. Data collected include offender demographic characteristics, prior criminal history, criminal justice system status at the time of the capital offense, and time spent on death row. Data are available on executions since 1930 and on sentencing since 1974. The data series also includes annual information from each jurisdiction on statutory changes relating to the death penalty, including changes involving additional aggravating or mitigating circumstances, procedural amendments, and revisions to capital offenses.
  
  
• The Annual Survey of Jails provides estimates of the number of inmates by sex, race, Hispanic origin, conviction status, and juvenile/adult status. It also collects information on the rated capacity of facilities in each jurisdiction, and separate counts of offenders under community supervision by jail staff, including those under electronic monitoring and home detention, in alternative work programs, day-reporting programs, community service or weekender programs, or other alternative programs.
  
  
• The Survey of Jails in Indian Country obtains baseline characteristics of Indian Country detention facilities and the inmates housed in them. The 1998 survey included questions on the number of inmates, staffing, and facility characteristics and needs. Detailed information was collected on the age of the facility, the rated capacity, renovation plans, crowding, and special facility and program needs.

• The National Corrections Reporting program annually collects individual-level data on prison admissions and releases and on parole entries and discharges in participating jurisdictions. Demographic information, conviction offense, sentence length, minimum time to be served, credited jail time, type of admission, type of release, and time served are collected from individual prisoner records.
  
  
• The Census of Jails obtains information on each facility, admissions and releases, court orders, programs that offer alternatives to incarceration, amount charged to hold an inmate for another jurisdiction, crowding and use of space, staffing, health care (including prevalence of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis), and drug testing policies and practices. For the first time, the FY 1999 census will employ Web-based data collection procedures.
  
  
• The Annual Probation and Parole Data Survey collects data on persons under federal, state, and local probation or parole supervision. Key data elements include the number on probation and parole at year-end, number of entries and exits (by type), offender demographic characteristics, offense seriousness, type of supervision, and special programs.

• The Census of State and Local Probation and Parole Agencies is a complete census of federal, state, and locally operated probation and parole agencies. The census gathers data on staffing, expenditures, program operation and participation levels, and drug and HIV testing policies and programs.
  
  
• The Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities provides detailed information on the types of inmates housed, facility age and type, security level, court orders, programs, health and safety conditions, confinement space, and staff characteristics.
  
  
• BJS, CPO, and the FBI are collaborating on a national Recidivism Study that will develop a sample of state prison releases with oversampling of violent offenders, particularly those offenders convicted of sexual assault crimes and crimes against children. Fifteen states are participating: Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Virginia. Collectively these 15 states accounted for over half of all releases from prison in 1994. BJS will track released prisoners for three years, using state and federal criminal history records. An initial report giving results of the three-year recidivism study is expected around November 1999.
  
  

In addition, during FY 1999, BJS also will continue to track the sentence length and projected length of stay for prison admission cohorts, as well as the elapsed time served and projected time to be served by the current state prison population. Information from BJS data collections are available by calling the BJS Clearinghouse at 1-800/732-3277 or accessing the BJS Website at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.

Juvenile Residential Facility Census
Grantee: Interagency Agreement with the Bureau of the Census
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: OJJDP will continue to fund the development and testing of a new census of juvenile residential facilities. This census would focus on facilities authorized to hold juveniles based on contact with the juvenile justice system. From interviews with facility administrators and staff at 20 locations, project staff have produced a detailed report discussing how best to capture information on education, mental health and substance abuse treatment, health services, conditions of custody, staffing, and facility capacity. Project staff have also drafted and tested a questionnaire based on the interview results. The questionnaire will be finalized in 1999 and surveying will begin in October 2000.

Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement
Grantee: Interagency Agreement with the Bureau of the Census
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP) collects detailed information on juveniles in juvenile residential placement facilities as the result of contact with the juvenile justice system. In 1998, CJRP was developed to replace the biennial Census of Public and Private Juvenile Detention, Correctional, and Shelter Facilities, known as the Children in Custody Census, and provide more accurate, timely, and useful data on juveniles in custody while placing less of a reporting burden on facility administrators.

Survey of Juvenile Probation
Grantee: Interagency Agreement with the Bureau of the Census
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This project is developing a survey of juvenile probation offices to determine the number of juveniles under some form of community supervision.

Structured Decision Making for Alameda County Probation
Grantee: National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD)
FY99 Funding: $75,000
OJP Sponsor: NIJ and OJJDP

Project Description: This project is evaluating the effectiveness of the Juvenile Risk Assessment Classification System adapted by Alameda County Probation. The ultimate objective of the evaluation is to develop a management information system that will support an interactive database and data reporting mechanisms to help implement the classification system. A related goal is to prepare reports based on the study's findings to help guide management decisions.

Case Classification for Juvenile Corrections: An Evaluation of the Youthful Level of Service Inventory
Grantee: University of Cincinnati
FY99 Funding: $187,437
OJP Sponsors: NIJ and OJJDP

Project Description: This research is assessing a case classification instrument--the Youthful Level of Service Inventory (Y-LSI)--as a guide to case management and treatment of youthful offenders in Ohio. The Y-LSI, which can be applied to three types of correctional placement, has been adopted by the Ohio Department of Youth Services, two juvenile court probation departments, and two community residential programs for juvenile delinquents in the state. The goal of the research is to answer three questions about the Y-LSI: 1) Is it a valid predictor of case outcome for juvenile delinquents under correctional supervision? 2) How do juvenile corrections agencies use it to allocate supervision and services? 3) Are changes in the areas of risk and need measured by the Y-LSI through correctional treatment associated with reoffending rates by youth?

Juvenile Sex Offender Typology
Grantee: University of Illinois-Springfield and Health Related Research
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: In FY 1998, OJJDP competitively funded two feasibility studies to develop a juvenile sex offender typology. One study is being conducted by the University of Illinois-Springfield, the other by Health Related Research. The goal is to develop a typology for determining a juvenile sex offender's dangerousness, the most appropriate level of placement restrictiveness, the potential for rehabilitation, assessment requirements, and intervention needs. These initial studies will determine specific methodologies best suited to generate an empirically validated typology of the juvenile sex offender. Based on the results of these initial studies, OJJDP will determine how best to support the development of the juvenile sex offender typology.

Youth Gangs in Juvenile Detention and Corrections Facilities
Grantee: National Juvenile Detention Association
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The National Juvenile Detention Association (NJDA), in partnership with the Alliance for Juvenile Justice, is implementing a multi-phase, cost-effective strategy to improve the juvenile justice system's management and rehabilitation of gang-involved youth through a national assessment of the nature and extent of youth gang problems in juvenile confinement facilities.

Evaluation of Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Demonstration Project
Grantee: National Council on Crime and Delinquency
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This project is conducting a process and outcome evaluation at four demonstration sites to assess program integrity and the extent to which the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) model for juveniles is being implemented at those sites (see page 88). The four sites selected by OJJDP to implement the IAP model include Metropolitan Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas, Nevada; Camden and Newark, New Jersey; and Norfolk, Virginia.

For More Information

Most OJP funds for corrections-related programs are available through formula grants that are awarded to and administered by the states. The largest of these programs is the Violent Offender Incarceration and Truth-in-Sentencing Incentive (VOI/TIS) Formula Grant Program, which is administered by the Corrections Program Office (CPO). VOI/TIS encourages states to increase space for the incapacitation of violent offenders and to ensure that violent offenders serve at least 85 percent of the sentence imposed by the courts. Funds may be used for construction of correctional facilities and for privatization. The VOI/TIS program contains an important and far reaching provision that requires states to have implemented a program of drug testing, sanctions, and treatment for state prison inmates and offenders under state supervision following release in order to continue to receive VOI/TIS funds in FY 1999 and beyond. In FY 1999 states may use up to 10 percent of their VOI/TIS funds to implement this requirement. VOI/TIS is also described in Chapters 1 and 3.

The Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners Program (RSAT), also administered by CPO, is described in Chapter 3. It provides states with much-needed funding for long-term residential drug treatment for offenders, which research has shown to be effective in reducing recidivism among drug-involved offenders. For information about CPO programs, see its Website at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cpo/ or call its Technical Assistance Line at 1-800/848-6325. Also see Chapter 13 for additional information on corrections-related training and technical assistance.

Drug courts also show promise in managing substance abusing offenders within the community by holding them accountable for their actions and habilitating them through treatment. Drug court programs also are discussed in Chapter 3, Breaking the Cycle of Substance Abuse and Crime.

Also see Chapter 5 for a description of OJJDP's Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant (JAIBG) program. JAIBG is designed to address the growing problem of juvenile crime by encouraging accountability-based reforms at the state and local levels. Funds may be used for 12 purposes, including construction of juvenile detention or correctional facilities, accountability-based sanctions programs, probation programs, and controlled substance testing for juveniles in the juvenile justice system.

In addition, BJA's Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Formula Grant program funds can be used to support or develop programs that provide supervision, management, and alternatives to detention of adult and juvenile offenders, including intensive supervision probation and parole, offender treatment, alternatives to incarceration, restitution programs, and drug courts. Information about the Byrne Formula Grant Program is contained in Chapter 1.

Also see Chapter 8 for more information on the BJS National Sex Offender Registry Program, a component of the National Criminal History Improvement Program, which assists states in developing complete and accurate in-state registries that meet legislative requirements and in interfacing state data with the FBI's National Sex Offender Registry.

The National Institute of Corrections (NIC), a component of the Justice Department's Bureau of Prisons, also provides assistance to federal, state, and local corrections agencies working with adult offenders. The NIC Information Center, located in Longmont, Colorado, is a national clearinghouse for the collection and dissemination of information on all aspects of adult corrections. Most of the Information Center's collection of more than 14,000 titles are oriented to the corrections practitioner, and many of the titles are unpublished materials developed by state and local corrections agencies. The Information Center can be reached by telephone at 1-800/877-1461 or by e-mail at asknicic@nicic.org. The center's Website is located at www.nicic.org.

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