Chapter 3

Breaking the Cycle of Substance Abuse
& Crime

Substance abuse--the abuse of drugs and alcohol--is an established and well-documented characteristic of a substantial proportion of persons who come into contact with the criminal justice system--regardless of the type of offense. According to data from the National Institute of Justice's (NIJ) 1997 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program--which interviews and collects urine samples from arrestees in 35 major metropolitan areas--between 51 and 80 percent of arrested adult males test positive for drugs.

Substance abuse also continues to be a serious problem among youth. According to OJJDP reports, juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations increased by 138 percent between 1991 and 1995, while juvenile courts handled 82 percent more drug abuse cases in 1994 than 1991. While ADAM data show the drug use rates for male juvenile arrestees (between 41 and 65 percent) are slightly lower than the adult numbers, drug use among juvenile arrestees is still widespread enough to be troubling. What is most important, however, is that the incidence of substance abuse in the criminal justice population is remarkably high and strikingly constant.

Surveys of prisoners confirm that substance abuse is implicated in criminal activity. Data from the 1997 BJS survey of inmates in federal and state prisons show that three-quarters of all prisoners can be characterized as alcohol or drug-involved offenders. Over half of state inmates (52 percent) and over one-third (34 percent) of federal inmates reported committing their current offense under the influence of alcohol or drugs. For those incarcerated for a violent offense, 40 percent of federal inmates and 52 percent of state inmates reported use of drugs or alcohol at the time they committed the offense for which they were incarcerated.

Through NIJ research, we are starting to understand that the drug users coming through the criminal justice system are not casual users, but highly dependent upon illegal substances. Nor is this a population that has frequently sought treatment in the past--only 25 percent of drug users in prison were previously in treatment and, according to a New York City study of addicts, 70 percent have neither been in treatment nor intend to seek treatment. A 1995 NIJ research report indicated that between 60 and 75 percent of untreated parolees who have histories of heroin and/or cocaine use return to those drugs within three months after release.

The problem is further compounded by the fact that the greatest proportion of offenders with substance abuse problems are, in fact, not incarcerated in prisons and jails, but under some form of community supervision (probation, parole, and/or in a community corrections setting). According to BJS data, there were 3.9 million adult men and women on probation or parole in the community, more than twice as many as the 1.25 million incarcerated in state and federal prisons and 600,000 in local jails. BJS data also show a large proportion of offenders under community supervision used drugs prior to their current offense. According to 1995 BJS data, 43 percent of probationers reported prior regular, illicit drug use. Yet community corrections often lacks sufficient authority and resources to effectively respond to the problem of substance abuse.

These drug-involved offenders place a heavy toll on our country's criminal justice systems. Their numbers swell our courts, crowd our prisons, and tax our probation and parole programs. Where not detected or effectively dealt with their first time around, many of these drug-involved individuals will find their way back into the criminal justice system--again and again. Thus, OJP has focused its research, evaluation, and demonstration resources on substance abuse testing and intervention efforts aimed at individuals under criminal justice supervision as a way of reducing our nation's aggregate demand for illegal drugs and the terrible consequences of alcohol abuse.

Research has shown that when substance abuse testing is combined with effective interventions-- such as meaningful, graduated sanctions or various treatment modalities--drug and alcohol abuse can be curtailed within the criminal justice population. Recent studies demonstrate that drug-dependent individuals who receive comprehensive treatment decrease their drug use, decrease their criminal behavior, increase their employment, improve their social and interpersonal functioning, and improve their physical health. Moreover, when compared to substance abusers who voluntarily enter treatment, those coerced into treatment through the criminal justice system are just as likely to succeed. Because the majority of drug users are processed through some part of the criminal justice system during their drug-use careers, we are learning how to effectively intervene with these populations at various points.

Studies also show that treatment is cost-effective. In 1994, the RAND Corporation reported that drug treatment is the most cost-effective drug control intervention. Another 1994 study examined CALDATA, a comprehensive drug and alcohol treatment program in California, and concluded that for every dollar invested in drug treatment, taxpayers saved $7. This savings was attributable to decreased use of drugs and alcohol and the resulting reduction in costs related to the crime and health care.

Drug courts represent a promising initiative that uses the coercive authority of the courts to change behavior. In 1989, a few communities began experimenting with an approach to address the needs of substance-abusing offenders that integrated substance abuse treatment, sanctions, and incentives with case processing to place nonviolent drug-involved defendants in judicially supervised habilitation programs. Now, nationally more than 520 courts have implemented or are planning to implement a drug court to address the problems of substance abuse and crime. Local coalitions of judges, prosecutors, attorneys, treatment professionals, law enforcement officials, and others are using the coercive power of the court to force abstinence and alter behavior with a combination of escalating sanctions, mandatory drug testing, treatment, and strong aftercare programs to teach responsibility and to help offenders reenter the community.

OJP's FY 1999 Drug Court Grant Program is responsive to and supportive of developments in the field, including the need for conducting both process and outcome evaluations and for management information system development. OJP's Drug Courts Program Office has a special interest in encouraging communities to develop drug courts that treat alcohol abuse, as well as drug addiction. These include, for example, driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI) drug courts.

Building on the success of drug courts and the research showing the effectiveness of drug testing and interventions under the coercive power of the criminal justice system, OJP continues to be interested in supporting comprehensive, system-wide strategies of universal substance abuse testing combined with treatment and graduated sanctions for non-compliance. For this reason, OJP's Violent Offender Incarceration/Truth-in-Sentencing (VOI/TIS) grant program encourages states receiving correctional facility construction funding to implement a program of drug testing, sanctions, and treatment to break the cycle of substance abuse and crime among adult offenders while in prison and under post-release supervision. For a more detailed description of VOI/TIS, see Chapter 6.

In addition to these efforts, OJP will continue to collaborate with the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) and the Administrative Office for the United States Courts. For example, the Break the Cycle (BTC) program in state systems and the Testing, Effective Sanctions and Treatment (TEST) program in federal courts are demonstrating universal drug testing (combined with treatment and sanctions ) of defendants from pretrial through final disposition. OJP also encourages initiatives that combine prison-based therapeutic community-style treatment with post-release supervision and follow-up treatment--such as through the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) program funding available to every state. The following briefly describes the substance abuse-related initiatives OJP will support in FY 1999.

Continuation Programs

The following projects will be conducted by current or already designated new grantees. No new applications will be solicited during Fiscal Year 1999.

Congress of National Black Churches: National Anti-Drug Abuse/Violence Campaign
Grantee: Congress of National Black Churches
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

Project Description: OJJDP will award continuation funding to the Congress of National Black Churches (CNBC) for its national awareness and mobilization strategy to address the problems of juvenile drug abuse, violence, and hate crime in targeted communities. The goal of the CNBC national strategy is to summon, focus, and coordinate the leadership of the black religious community, in cooperation with the Department of Justice and other federal agencies and organizations, to mobilize groups of community residents to combat juvenile drug abuse and drug-related violence.

No Hope in Dope Project
Grantee: Operation Hope
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The goal of the No Hope in Dope (NHID) program is to prevent, reduce, or delay the onset of substance abuse in elementary, intermediate, and high school students in Hawaii's Windward Oaho area. The project involves a community-based approach that makes anti-drug norms clear, salient, and useful as guides for behavior. The program uses opinion-leading student athletes, the No Hope in Dope seminar, and the Officer Honolulu Safety Program. NHID is a program of Project Hope in coordination with the Kahuku and Castle School complexes of the Windward Oahu School District and the Honolulu Police Department. The program will be evaluated with a pre/post intervention design that will provide information about the effectiveness of this community- and school-level intervention.

Strengthening Services for Chemically Involved Children, Youth, and Families
Grantee: Child Welfare League of America (CWLA)
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP (in partnership with the Office of National Drug Control Policy and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

Project Description: The U.S. Department of Justice and Health and Human Services and the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) both service the pool of children affected by parental substance use or abuse. Through this program, CWLA assists child welfare personnel to provide appropriate intervention services for children impacted by the abuse of alcohol and other drugs (AOD), as well as services and for their caregivers. CWLA is producing a comprehensive assessment tool and decision-making guidelines for child welfare workers and supervisors. CWLA also provides training and technical assistance to help develop innovative and effective approaches to meeting the needs of children in the child welfare system whose parents are AOD abusers.

New Programs

FY 1999 funding for the following programs will be available as noted. For information about individual program solicitations or application kits, check OJP's Website at www.ojp.usdoj.gov or call the National Criminal Justice Reference Service at 1-800/851-3420 to be added to the mailing list.

Enforcing Underage Drinking Law Program
Grantees: States and competitive discretionary awards
FY99 Funding: $25 million
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The purpose of this program is to help enforce state laws prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors and to prevent minors from purchasing or consuming alcoholic beverages. Of the total $25 million appropriated for this program in FY 1999, OJJDP will award $360,000 to each state, $5 million in competitive discretionary grants, and $1.64 million for training and technical assistance. Projects eligible for funding include:

• statewide task forces of state and local law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies to target establishments suspected of a pattern of violations of state laws governing the sale and consumption of alcohol by minors;
  
  
• public advertising programs to educate establishments about statutory prohibitions and sanctions; and
  
  
• innovative programs to prevent and combat underage drinking.

OJJDP is developing formula grant guidelines and application materials for the states, as well as discretionary grant program guidance and solicitations. When available, application materials will be posted on OJJDP's Website at www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.

Drug-Free Communities Support Program
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP (with funds transferred from ONDCP)

Eligibility: Community coalitions whose components have worked together on substance abuse reduction initiatives that include efforts to target illegal drugs or the use of alcohol, tobacco, or other related products that are prohibited for use by minors by state or local law

Project Description: The Drug-Free Communities Support Program is designed to strengthen community-based coalition efforts to reduce youth substance abuse. The coalitions include community representatives from each of the following areas: youth, parents, business, media, schools, youth-serving organizations, law enforcement, civic, volunteer and fraternal groups, health care professionals, state, local, or tribal governmental agencies with expertise in the field of substance abuse, and other organizations involved in reducing substance abuse. The program will enable these coalitions to enhance collaboration and coordination in an effort to target illegal drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The coalitions will also encourage citizen participation in substance abuse reduction efforts and disseminate information about effective programs.

Program guidance and solicitation materials are posted on OJJDP's Website at www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.

Drug Prevention Demonstration Program
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: $10 million
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: The Drug Prevention Program is designed to reduce drug use by encouraging the promotion of multiple approaches to educating and motivating young adolescents to pursue healthy lifestyles, fostering interpersonal and decision-making skills that will help them choose alternatives to high risk behaviors, and providing them with the motivation and tools to build constructive lives. Funds will be used to develop, demonstrate, and test programs to increase perceptions among children and youth about the unappealing aspects and dangers of drug use. OJJDP is developing program guidance and application materials for this program. When available, information will be posted on OJJDP's Website at www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.

Drug Court Planning Projects
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: Drug Courts Program Office (DCPO)

Eligibility: States, state courts, local courts, counties, other units of local government, and Indian tribal governments, acting directly or through agreement with other public or private entities

Project Description: Planning grants will enable grantees to undertake a needs assessment to identify the characteristics of their drug caseload, offender population, and treatment options in order to determine whether or not to implement a drug court. Comprehensive technical assistance and training will be provided to assist grant recipients during their planning processes, with a special emphasis placed on evaluation and management information systems. Grants will be awarded for up to $30,000 and will be available for up to 18 months to plan a drug court. A special emphasis will be placed on those communities interested in planning a DUI/DWI drug court.

Drug Court Enhancement Projects
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO

Eligibility: States, state courts, local courts, counties, other units of local government, and Indian tribal governments, acting directly or through agreement with other public or private entities

Project Description: Grants will be available to jurisdictions that have already established drug courts. This program will enable jurisdictions to:

• develop training programs to teach criminal and juvenile justice professionals, treatment providers, communities, researchers, and others about the drug court philosophy;
  
  
• develop and conduct process and outcome evaluations for existing drug court programs; and
  
  
• develop and implement an automated data collection system or improve an existing system for the drug court program.

Grants will be available for up to $100,000 for a single jurisdiction and $300,000 for a multijurisdictional effort for up to 24 months. As part of the OJP Initiative on Alcohol and Crime, priority will be given to those jurisdictions with an operational DUI/DWI drug court.

Drug Court Continuation/Supplemental Projects
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO
Eligibility: FY 1997 Implementation Grantees

Project Description: Because drug courts are a significant departure from traditional court practice, drug courts must effectively demonstrate their impact on the criminal justice system to receive state and local support. Current drug court grants are for up to two years. However, some grantees find that federal support is needed for an additional year or two to allow enough time to gather statistics on program outcomes that will convince state and local funders to take over the cost of the program. Drug courts that received FY 1997 implementation grants will be eligible to compete for FY 1999 continuation funding. Grants will be awarded for up to $200,000 and will be available for up to 24 months.

Substance Abuse Treatment and Prevention (earmark)
Grantee: Straight and Narrow
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA)

Project Description: At the request of Congress, BJA will consider an application for funding from this organization.

Light of Life Ministries (earmark)
Grantee: Light of Life Ministries
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: At the request of Congress, BJA will consider an application from this organization.

Training, Technical Assistance, and Capacity-Building Programs

The following describes both current and new initiatives.

Drug Court Clearinghouse
Grantee: American University
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO and BJA

Project Description: The Drug Court Clearinghouse assists communities in planning, implementing, and operating drug courts based on the 10 key components of a drug court. In addition, the clearinghouse collects, analyzes, and disseminates information about drug courts to enhance drug court operations. For more information, contact the Drug Court Clearinghouse at 202/885-2875 or online at www.american.edu/academic.depts/spa/justice/.

Drug Court Training Conferences
Grantee: Justice Management Institute
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO and BJA

Project Description: These conferences will address the training needs of DCPO and LLEBG drug court grantees. The training will teach and demonstrate the importance of the key components for adult drug courts, strengthen the drug court team's capacity to work together and expand the team membership, foster practitioner-to-practitioner training, and provide maximum networking opportunities.

Mentor Drug Court Network
Grantee: National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP)
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO

Project Description: The mentor drug court network fosters the development of drug courts through the direct observation of existing drug courts and dialogue with drug court practitioners. In addition, specialized training programs are developed for drug court planning grantees. For further information, see NADCP's Website at www.nadcp.org/home.html.

Juvenile Drug Court Training and Technical Assistance
Grantee: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO and OJJDP

Project Description: This grant will address the training needs of DCPO juvenile drug court planning, implementation, and enhancement grantees and OJJDP Juvenile Accountability and Incentives Block Grant (JAIBG) grantees. The training will assist communities in the development and implementation of effective juvenile drug courts and in the engagement of multiple systems. Technical assistance will be available to juvenile drug court grantees to strengthen their ability to operate effectively.

Tribal Drug Court Training and Technical Assistance
Grantees: Tribal Law and Policy Institute and National Association of Drug Court Professionals
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO

Project Description: This grant will address the training needs of DCPO tribal drug court planning and implementation grantees. The grantees will develop curriculums to train Native American teams to plan and implement drug courts that effectively fit into tribal justice systems and Native American communities and develop a specialized technical assistance strategy for providing on-site technical assistance to Native American tribes who have attended the specialized drug court training programs.

Drug Court Evaluation and Management Information Systems Training and Technical Assistance
Grantees: Center for Court Innovation and SEARCH, Inc.
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: DCPO and BJA

Project Description: This initiative will assist DCPO and LLEBG drug court grantees to strengthen their capacity to collect the data necessary to effectively monitor and evaluate their drug court programs.

Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Technical Assistance Program
Grantees: Johnson, Bassin, and Shaw (through a cooperative agreement with the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment)
FY99 Funding: $270,000
OJP Sponsor: Corrections Program Office (CPO)

Project Description: CPO has developed a comprehensive technical assistance program that includes conferences, workshops, training, and site-specific assistance to assist states with the effective implementation of its grant programs, as well as policy and operations issues related to RSAT program implementation and the impact of the policy changes required to qualify for grant funds.

Technical assistance is available to substance abuse treatment practitioners and state and local officials responsible for making policy decisions related to substance abuse treatment. To more effectively respond to states' needs, CPO established a toll-free technical assistance line (1-800/848-6325). CPO will publish a Technical Assistance Plan for FY 1999 that will be disseminated to the field. The schedule for CPO conferences, workshops, and training sessions can be accessed on the Internet at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cpo.

Training and Technical Assistance for Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws Program
Grantee: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
FY99 Funding: $1.64 million
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This program provides technical assistance and training for state and local efforts to reduce the availability and consumption of alcoholic beverages by minors. State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies and jurisdictional teams receive assistance on enforcid
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: Through the Community Anti-Drug Abuse Technical Assistance Voucher Project, the National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise (NCNE) awards vouchers to grassroots organizations to purchase technical assistance and training to effectively address the problem of juvenile drug abuse. NCNE has established a clearinghouse featuring 1,224 promising and proven anti-drug programs. NCNE also provides direct technical assistance to applicants regarding the development of their mission, goals, and objectives.

Drug Abuse Reduction Education (D.A.R.E.) (earmark)
Grantee: D.A.R.E. America
FY99 Funding: $1.75 million
OJP Sponsor: BJA

Project Description: D.A.R.E. is the nation's predominant school-based drug abuse and violence prevention program. It now involves more than 8,600 law enforcement agencies in school systems across the country. Federal funds support the development of the D.A.R.E. curricula (K-12) and the operation of five D.A.R.E. regional training centers (RTCs) for new D.A.R.E. officers. This training includes: inservice training for instructors who work with and train parents using the D.A.R.E. curriculum, junior and senior high school student training, program development, and monitoring and technical assistance for agencies replicating the program nationwide. RTCs include the Arizona Department of Public Safety, Los Angeles Police Department, Missouri State Highway Patrol, North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation, and the Virginia Department of State Police

Research and Statistical Programs

The following describes both current and new initiatives.

Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: $750,000 for research and evaluation grants
OJP Sponsor: National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

Project Description: Since 1987, NIJ has conducted quarterly interviews and drug tests with arrestees in urban lock-ups. The data play an important role in assembling the national picture of drug abuse and have been a central component in studying the links between drug use and crime. A national site management contractor and laboratory contractor provide support to sites for interviewing, data management, and urinalysis. The FY 1999 ADAM Research Grant offers an opportunity to investigate questions around a wide range of issues--drug abuse and drug control policy, criminal behavior and law enforcement, domestic violence and sexual assault, social services and public health, job market and other economic concerns, methods of surveying drug use, and other sensitive topics--using a research program provided by an established, ongoing, federally supported and locally implemented data collection system involving the arrestee population.

In 1999 ADAM will be operating in 35 sites. Research sponsored through this solicitation will be executed through data collection at the local sites. Secondary analysis of existing ADAM data that furthers methodological advancement may also be supported. More information about the ADAM program and this research grant opportunity is available on the ADAM Website at http://www.adam-nij.net/iadam.htm.

Breaking the Cycle: Demonstration and Evaluation
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: $2.7 million
OJP Sponsor: NIJ

Project Description: This project is an evaluation of the Breaking the Cycle (BTC) demonstrations funded by NIJ and ONDCP. BTC is a comprehensive, coordinated program designed to reduce substance abuse and criminal activity and improve the health and social functioning of drug-involved offenders by combining drug treatment with criminal justice sanctions and incentives. BTC was first implemented in Birmingham, Alabama in 1996 and expanded in 1998 to the adult criminal justice systems in Jacksonville, Florida and Tacoma, Washington. Lane County (Eugene), Oregon has been invited to submit a proposal to participate under a separate Juvenile Breaking the Cycle initiative. The selection of an evaluation team for Lane County is currently underway.

Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluations
Grantees: 24 state and local partnerships
FY99 Funding: $1.8 million
OJP Sponsor: NIJ and CPO

Eligibility: Open (process evaluations); limited (outcome evaluations)

Project Description: From FY 1997 and FY 1998 funding, NIJ and CPO are sponsoring 24 state-level evaluations of residential, corrections-based substance abuse programs located in prisons around the country. FY 1999 funding will support additional process evaluations and supplements for outcome evaluations at existing RSAT state partnership sites.

NIJ Investigator-Initiated Research Solicitation
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: Up to $300,000 each grant; number of awards varies each year
OJP Sponsor: NIJ

Project Description: The NIJ Investigator-Initiated Research Solicitation is a semi-annual solicitation offering grants in amounts up to $300,000 in a number of areas intended to produce research findings that contribute to NIJ's strategic research agenda. The solicitation recently funded the Vera Institute of Justice to conduct an evaluation of La Bodega de la Familia, a family drug crisis center in lower Manhattan; the University of New Mexico to study drugs and alcohol and their connections to domestic violence in Albuquerque; and the City University of New York to study drug markets on the lower east side of Manhattan. FY 1999 grant funds may also be used to support substance abuse-related research projects. Check NIJ's Website at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/ for the semi-annual announcement of the Investigator-Initiated solicitation.

Assessing Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Health Disorders
Grantee: Northwestern University
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: This project supplements an ongoing National Institute of Mental Health study assessing alcohol, drug, and mental health disorders among juveniles in detention in Cook County, Illinois. The project has three primary goals: 1) to determine how alcohol, drug, and mental disorders develop over time among juvenile detainees; 2) to investigate whether juvenile detainees receive needed psychiatric services after their cases reach disposition (and they are back in the community or serving sentences); and 3) to study the development of dangerous and risky behaviors. The study is investigating how violence, drug use, and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors develop over time, what the antecedents of these behaviors are, and how these behaviors are interrelated. This project is unique because the sample is so large. It includes 1,833 youth from Chicago who were arrested and interviewed between 1996 and 1998. The sample is stratified by gender, race, age, and severity of charge.

Assessing the Needs and Monitoring Outcomes of Substance Abuse Treatment for Juvenile Offenders
Grantee: RAND Corporation
FY99 Funding: $74,976
OJP Sponsor: NIJ and OJJDP

Project Description: In partnership with RAND, Phoenix House--a nonprofit organization that runs drug treatment and prevention programs for adults and adolescents (including criminal offenders) in several states--is developing a system to routinely monitor each client's treatment process and outcomes called PROMS. The project will enhance development, implementation, and analysis of this system to be able to monitor proximal outcomes for juvenile offenders in Phoenix House programs; describe the characteristics of juvenile offenders in Phoenix House programs; and assess the validity of juvenile treatment clients' self-reported data on criminal justice status and history.

Diffusion of State Risk and Protective Factor Focused Prevention
Grantee: Social Development Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: OJJDP

Project Description: Since FY 1997, OJJDP has provided funds to the National Institute on Drug Abuse to support this 5-year study of the public health approach to prevention, focusing on risk and protective factors for substance abuse at the state and community levels. The study is identifying factors that influence the adoption of the public health approach and assessing the association between this approach and the levels of risk and protective factors and substance abuse among adolescents. The study is also examining state substance abuse data gathered from 1988 through 2001 and using interviews to describe the process of implementing the epidemiological risk and protective factor approach in Colorado, Kansas, Illinois, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.

Evaluation of Bureau of Justice Assistance-funded Programs
Grantee: Competitive
FY99 Funding: $1.6 million
OJP Sponsor: NIJ and BJA

Project Description: BJA has provided $1.6 million to NIJ to jointly support the evaluation of BJA programs. The 1998 solicitation sought applications to evaluate multijurisdictional task forces, a toll-free drug abuse prevention information line, and drug testing programs. In FY 1999, NIJ and BJA will continue to collaborate on research funding opportunities in specific areas supported by the Byrne Program.

Bureau of Justice Statistics Drug-Related Statistics
Grantees: Data collection agents, primarily the U.S. Bureau of the Census
FY99 Funding: To Be Determined
OJP Sponsor: Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

Project Description: BJS conducts numerous ongoing data collections on crime and the operation of the justice system. Many of these statistical series collect drug-related information, including:

• The Federal Justice Statistics program provides annual data on workload, activities, and case outcomes in the federal criminal justice system. It collects detailed data on drug law violators in the federal justice system.
  
  
• The National Prisoner Statistics program produces annual and semiannual national and state-level data on the numbers of prisoners in state or federal prison facilities. It collects information on admissions to and releases from state and federal prisons of those persons convicted of drug offenses and obtains data on persons under parole who were convicted of drug offenses.
  
  
• The Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics Survey collects data from over 3,000 agencies, including all those that employ 100 or more sworn officers and a nationally representative sample of smaller agencies. Data are obtained on the drug-related programs of state and local police and sheriff agencies.
  
  
• The Census of Local Jails is conducted every five years and obtains a variety of information about jail populations and programs. It collects data on inmate participation in drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs and drug testing for inmates and employees in the nation's jail facilities.
  
  
• The Prison Census is conducted every five to six years and provides detailed information on types of inmates, programs, staff characteristics, and facility conditions. It collects data on inmate participation in drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs and drug testing for inmates and employees in state and federal prison facilities.
  
  
• The National Judicial Reporting Program, conducted every two years, surveys a nationwide sample of felony trial courts to collect detailed information on demographic characteristics of felons, conviction offenses, type of sentences, sentence lengths, and amount of time from arrest to conviction and sentencing. It provides information on adjudication and sentencing of drug offenders at the state level.
  
  
• The State Court Processing Statistics project provides data on the criminal justice processing of persons charged with felonies in 40 jurisdictions representative of the 75 largest counties. It examines drug law violators' criminal histories and status at time of arrest, pretrial release/detention status, trial appearance, and type and length of sentence if convicted.
  

To access data from any of these programs, see the BJS Website at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.

For More Information

The Drug Court Grant Program Guidelines and Application Kit is available through the NCJRS Clearinghouse by calling toll-free at 1-800/851-3420 and on the DCPO homepage at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/dcpo. The application deadline is March 1, 1999. Funding for drug courts also is available under the LLEBG and JAIBG programs described in Chapter 1. Also see Chapter 1 for a description of the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners (RSAT) Formula Grant Program, which assists states and units of local government in developing and implementing residential substance abuse treatment programs in correctional facilities. The RSAT application kit is available online at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cpo/applicationkits.htm. Applications are due April 1, 1999. Information about additional resources is available in Chapter 14.

OJJDP has a number of Congressional earmarks for substance-abuse related programs. These are described in Chapter 5. Additional substance-abuse related training and technical assistance is described in Chapter 13.

The following federal agencies also provide funding and other resources related to substance abuse:

• The Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) in the Executive Office of the White House coordinates the nation's drug control strategy. ONDCP produces the National Drug Control Strategy, which guides the nation's anti-drug efforts and fosters cooperation among federal, state, and local entities. For more information on ONDCP, visit ONDCP's Website at ww.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov or call 202/395-6618. The ONDCP Clearinghouse can be reached by telephone at 1-800/666-3332.
  
  
• The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) National Institutes of Health conducts research and administers several grant programs relating to the study of drug abuse. NIDA also produces support materials to teach children about the effects of drugs on the body. For information on NIDA and its research programs, visit NIDA's Website at www.nida.nih.gov, or call 301/443-6036.
  
  
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) of HHS's National Institutes of Health supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. NIAAA also provides leadership in the national effort to reduce the severe and often fatal consequences of these problems. For information on NIAAA, call the Office of Communications at 301/443-3860 or visit NIAAA's Website at www.niaaa.nih.gov.

• The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) provides national leadership in the federal effort to prevent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug problems, which are linked to other serious national problems. A division of HHS's Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), CSAP connects people and resources to innovative ideas and strategies and encourages efforts to reduce and eliminate alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug problems in the United States and abroad. For more information on CSAP, call 301/443-0365 or visit CSAP's Website at www.samhsa.gov/centers/csap/csap.html.
  
  

• SAMHSA's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) works with states, communities, health care providers, and national organizations to upgrade the quality of addiction treatment, to improve the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment programs, and to provide resources to ensure provision of services. For more information on CSAT, call 301/443-5700 or visit its Website at www.samhsa.gov/csat/.
  
  
• The Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program of the U.S. Department of Education is the federal government's primary vehicle for reducing drug, alcohol, and tobacco use and violence through education and prevention activities in our nation's schools. To learn more about the Safe and Drug Free Schools Program, call 202/260-3954 or visit the program's Website at www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS/.

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